End fitting for tubular members and method of applying same

ABSTRACT

An end fitting for tubular member and a method of applying an end fitting to a tubular member, according to which an end portion of the tubular member is placed in an annular space defined between an outer ferrule and a tubular insert having a tapered inner wall and a radially outwardly-directed force is applied to the insert to force it into engagement with the tubular member.

[0001] This application claims priority of Provisional Application Serial No. 60/340,610 filed Dec. 13, 2001.

[0002] This invention relates, in general to a swaged end fitting for tubular members and a method of applying same.

[0003] Flexible tubular pipes for transporting fluids, such as those used in the oil and gas industry, are well known and usually consist of a inner tubular member surrounded by one or more layers of materials that add strength to the pipe while maintaining flexibility and an outer sheath to insulate the inner layers from the elements. Each of these type pipes must be fitted with an end fitting to enable the pipes to be connected to each other or to other components. However, many end fittings are not secured to the end of the pipe adequately to withstand significant tension on the pipe. Therefore, what is needed is an end fitting, and a method of applying same, according to which the grip by the end fitting on the pipe increases as tension on the pipe increases.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0004]FIG. 1 is a cross sectional view of an end fitting according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0005] FIGS. 2-4 are views similar to FIG. 1 but depicting the end fitting and a tubular member to be fitted in various stages of assembly.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0006] Referring to FIG. 1 of the drawings, the reference numeral 10 refers, in general, to an end fitting according to an embodiment of the invention. The fitting 10 includes a tubular insert 12 formed by a section 12 a, a section 12 b extending from the section 12 a, and a section 12 c extending from the section 12 b. Preferably, the sections 12 a, 12 b, and 12 c are all formed integrally.

[0007] The inner wall of the section 12 a is tapered radially inwardly at a relatively small angle to the axis of the insert 12 in a direction from left-to-right as viewed in FIG. 1, and the inner and outer walls of the section 12 b are tapered radially outwardly at two different, relatively large angles, respectively. Thus, the inner and outer diameters of the section 12 c are greater than those of the section 12 a.

[0008] An outer ferrule 14 extends around the insert 12, and is formed by a section 14 a having an inner wall extending in a spaced, generally parallel, relation to the insert and tapered radially outwardly at a relatively small angle to the axis of the member in a direction from left-to-right as viewed in the drawing. As a result an annular space is formed between the outer wall of the insert section 12 a and the inner wall of the ferrule section 14 a which increases in diameter in a direction from left-to-right as viewed in the drawings.

[0009] The ferrule also includes a section 4 b that extends from the section 14 a and is tapered radially inwardly in the above direction at a relatively large angle. The distal end of the section 14 b extends to the section 12 c of the insert 12 and is secured to the latter section in any known manner, such as by welding.

[0010] A plurality of serrations 20 are formed on the outer wall of the section 12 a of the insert 12, and a plurality of serrations 22 are formed on the inner wall of the section 14 a of the ferrule 14 and are axially aligned with the serrations 20. The serrations 20 and 22 extend around the entire circumference of the outer wall of the section 12 a and the inner wall of the section 14 a, respectively, and are axially spaced along these walls. Thus, an annular space is formed between the serrated portions 20 and 22 of the insert 12 and the ferrule 14, respectively.

[0011] Referring to FIG. 2, the fitting is installed into, and supported by, a swaging machine including a wall 30 against which one end of the insert section 12 c abuts, and a ram 32 extending through an opening in the wall. A dolly 34 is fixed to one end of the ram 32, and, in its initial position shown in FIG. 2, extends just outside the corresponding ends of the fitting 10 and the ferrule 14. The dolly 34 is tapered in cross section and its largest outer dimension is slightly greater than the diameter of the other end of the section 12 a of the insert 12 for reasons to be described. The swaging machine includes a prime mover (not shown) connected to the other end of the ram 32 for reciprocating the ram in a direction from left-to-right and from right-to-left, as viewed in FIG. 2.

[0012] The end fitting 10 is designed to be attached to an end portion of a tubular member 40 (FIG. 2) which, for the purpose of example only, is in the form of a flexible pipe formed, at least in part, by a thermoplastic material. To this end, the end portion of the tubular member 40 is inserted in the above-mentioned annular space between the serrated portions 20 and 22 of the insert 12 and the ferrule 14, respectively. The ram 32, and therefore the dolly 34, are then forced in a direction shown by the arrow in FIG. 2 from left-to-right from the position of FIG. 2 to the position of FIG. 3. This causes the tapered surface of the dolly 34 to engage the inner wall of the section 12 a of the insert 12 and to expand, or swage, the section 12 a radially outwardly as indicated from a comparison of FIGS. 2 and 3. The serrations 20 on the outer wall of the section 12 a are thus forced into the inner wall of the tubular member 40 to lock the end fitting 10 to the tubular member. Due to the tapered inner wall of the section 12 a the radially outwardly-directed forces exerted by the dolly 34 on the section 12 a increase progressively as the dolly moves in the left-to-right direction to facilitate and increase the engagement of the serrations 20 with the end fitting 10.

[0013] After this is completed, an external swage operation may be performed. To this end, the other end of the ferrule 14 is placed in engagement with a tapered outer surface of a tool die 44 shown in FIG. 3 and having an inner diameter less than the outer diameter of the ferrule 14.

[0014] The dolly 34 is removed from the end of the ram 32 and the ram 32 is repositioned relative to the plate so that, when activated, it forces the plate 30 and therefore the insert 12, the ferrule 14, and the tubular member 40 in a direction from right-to-left from the position of FIG. 3 to the position of FIG. 4 as shown by the arrow in FIG. 3. This causes the tapered surface of the tool die 44 to engage the outer wall of the section 14 a of the ferrule 14 and to force, or swage, the section 14 a radially inwardly as indicated from a comparison of FIG. 3 and FIG. 4. The serrations 22 on the inner wall of the section 14 a are thus forced into the outer wall of the tubular member 40 to further lock the end fitting 10 to the tubular member. The tapered inner wall of the section 14 a facilitates the engagement of the serrations 22 with the end fitting 10.

[0015] Variations may be made in the foregoing without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, the invention is not limited to both internal and external swaging, as described above, but is applicable to either technique taken alone. Also, the spatial orientation and movement referred to above is for the purpose of example only and can be varied within the scope of the invention. Further, the quantity, shape and orientation of the serrations 20 and 22 can be varied within the scope of the invention. For example, the serrations can be eliminated and surface texturing employed. Further, the serrations 20 and 22 do not have to be aligned. Still further, the sections 12 a, 12 b, 12 c, 14 a and 14 b of the insert 12 and the ferrule 14 can be integral or can be formed separately and have optional joints. Moreover, the tubular member 40 can be in the form of a rigid pipe, a conduit, a hose, or any other similar device.

[0016] Although only a few exemplary embodiments of this invention have been described in detail above, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that many other modifications are possible in the exemplary embodiments without materially departing from the novel teachings and advantages of this invention. Accordingly, all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the invention. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An end fitting for a pipe, the end fitting comprising a tubular insert; and an outer ferrule extending around the insert and defining, with the insert, an annular space for receiving an end portion of the pipe, the tubular insert having a tapered inner wall so that, when a force-applying member is passed through the insert it exerts a radially outwardly-directed force on the insert that increases progressively as the member moves through the insert to force the insert into engagement with the end portion.
 2. The end fitting of claim 1 wherein the inner wall of the insert is tapered radially inwardly in the direction of passage of the force-applying member through the insert.
 3. The end fitting of claim 2 wherein the inner wall of the ferrule is tapered radially outwardly in the direction of passage of the force-applying member through the insert.
 4. The end fitting of claim 2 wherein the inner wall of the ferrule is tapered at a different angle than the taper of the inner wall of the insert.
 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the diameter of the annular space increases in the direction of passage of the force-applying member through the insert.
 6. The end fitting of claim 1 wherein the tapered inner wall of the ferrule is formed on a first section of the ferrule and wherein the ferrule further comprises a second section extending from the first section and tapered radially inwardly in the direction of passage of the force-applying member through the insert.
 7. The end fitting of claim 6 wherein the distal end of the second section of the ferrule engages the insert and is secured to the insert.
 8. The end fitting of claim 1 wherein the tapered inner wall is formed on a first section of the insert and wherein the insert further comprises a second section extending from the first section and having an inner wall tapered radially outwardly relative to the axis of the insert.
 9. The end fitting of claim 8 wherein the inner wall of the first section of the insert is tapered radially inwardly at a relatively small angle to the axis of the insert, and the inner wall of the second section of the insert is tapered radially outwardly at a relatively large angle to the axis of the insert.
 10. The end fitting of claim 8 wherein the second section of the insert has an outer wall tapered radially outwardly at a relatively large angle in the direction of passage of the force-applying member through the insert.
 11. The end fitting of claim 10 wherein the outer wall of the second section of the insert is tapered at a different angle than the inner wall of the latter section.
 12. The end fitting of claim 8 wherein the insert further comprises a third cylindrical extending from the second section.
 13. The end fitting of claim 8 wherein the insert sections are all formed integrally.
 14. The end fitting of claim 1 wherein a plurality of serrations are formed on the outer wall of the insert, and a plurality of serrations are formed on the inner wall of the ferrule and are axially aligned with the serrations on the outer wall of the insert, so that when the insert is forced into engagement with the end portion, the serrations engage the pipe.
 15. A method of applying a fitting to a pipe, comprising placing an end portion of the pipe in an annular space defined between an outer ferrule and a tubular insert having a tapered inner wall, and passing a force-applying member through the insert to exert a radially outwardly-directed force on the insert that increases progressively as the member moves through the insert to force the insert into engagement with the end portion.
 16. The method of claim 15 wherein the inner wall of the insert is tapered radially inwardly in the direction of passage of the force-applying member through the insert.
 17. The method of claim 15 wherein the diameter of the annular space increases in the direction that the force-applying member passes through the insert.
 18. The method of claim 15 further comprising forming serrations on the outer surface of the insert so that the serrations engage the end portion.
 19. The method of claim 15 further comprising forcing the ferrule radially inwardly into engagement with the end portion.
 20. The method of claim 19 wherein the inner wall of the ferrule is tapered radially outwardly from the axis of the insert.
 21. The method of claims 20 wherein the inner wall of the ferrule is tapered at a different angle than the taper of the inner wall of the insert.
 22. The method of claim 16 further comprising forming serrations on the inner surface of the ferrule so that the serrations engage the end portion.
 23. A method of applying a fitting to a pipe, comprising placing an insert within an outer ferrule having a tapered inner wall to define an annular space between the ferrule and the insert, inserting an end portion of a pipe in the annular space, and forcing the ferrule radially inwardly into engagement with the end portion.
 24. The method of claim 23 wherein the diameter of the annular space increases along the axis of the insert.
 25. The method of claim 23 further comprising forming serrations on the inner surface of the ferrule so that the serrations engage the end portion.
 26. The method of claim 23 wherein the force is initially applied to one end of the ferrule and then in a direction along the axis of the ferrule, and wherein the ferrule is tapered radially outwardly in the same direction. 